There are various psychological and social factors that were to increase individual life expectancy and quality of life in elderly linked. While the majority of attention in the field extended life and successful aging of physical factors, such as exercise, nutrition, sleep, genetics, and so concentrated further, there is a growing number of evidence that psychological factors Also it is a sociological and Significant effect suggests how well people age (Warnick,1995).
Warnick (1995) considers that the adaptation to accompany the changes in late adulthood and old age requires an individual to be flexible and to develop new strategies for coping with changes that are common at this time to adjust to their lives. Aging study found a positive correlation between the religious beliefs of some, social relationships, health, demonstrated self-efficacy, socioeconomic status and coping strategies include the ability of oldersuccessful. The concept of successful aging has gone through three main components: low probability of disease and illnesses associated with disability, high cognitive and physical, and active engagement in life has been defined "(Rowe and Kahn, 1997).
Baltes and Baltes, (1990) suggests that the concept of successful aging seems paradoxical, as aging brings traditional images of loss, decline and finally the spirit of death, while the success of implementation. But 'Applying the concept of successful aging argue that it requires a rethinking of the nature of age, as it currently exists. "A general definition of successful aging requires a value-based, systemic, and environmental terms, taking into account both the subjective and objective indicators in a cultural context" (Baltes and Baltes, 1990).
With medical advances and improved living conditions, people can expect to live longer lives than ever. But the prospect ofonly live longer, makes a lot of problems. This has led researchers to investigate the psychological aspects of aging, with a goal that is worth more years to live longer. There are a variety of information, which we hope will lead us in the future quality of life in the late adulthood and old age.
Religious beliefs, spirituality, church, and participation in the center are many studies with the elderly. Several studies have linked religiositywith the well-being, life satisfaction or happiness (Larson & Vanness, 2002). However, it is necessary for future research to determine more clearly the dimensions of religious participation positive outcomes (Levin & Chatters, 1998), seems to address some aspects of religious participation of older people and overcome emotional and physical problems more efficiently, which leads to increased welfare in late adulthood.
Thiswell known that suicide rates are higher among the elderly, and there is evidence that people should be exercised in religious activities to engage more than four times less likely to commit suicide (Nisbet, Duberstein, Conwell, et al: 2000 ). The inverse correlation between religiosity and suicide rates among the elderly may be due to the fact that religious beliefs help people to overcome or prevent depression and despair, suicide risk factors (Abramson are established,Alloy, Hogan, et al, 2000). The relationship between religiosity and successful aging is very complex. This makes it difficult to identify the factors that influence participation in a religious organization, leading to greater sense of wellbeing, contentment and happiness. It 'possible that the beneficial effects of religion by creating positive emotions, which carries stimulate the immune system. Or you can access to social resources and psychological bufferEffects of stress and aid the capacity to cope effectively (Ellison, 1995).
Membership in religious organizations also provides seniors with a social network from which to draw encouragement and emotional support, while improving one `s ability to adapt to changes and stress-buffer (Levin, Markides, Ray, 1996). Research has shown that social networks, as is often found in religious organizations, with positive effects on health of older people, also relatedlow risk of mortality, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and functional decline (Seeman, 1996). The relationships that are promoted within the church or religious group are used by many as a substitute for social groups who share the responsibility at work before retirement. Furthermore, the setting that you can learn from other human beings with a religious background and the environment, promoting a healthy lifestyle behavior and reduce the risk of disease (Levin & Chatters 1998) benefits.
Athe common thread, which was found successful aging is related to individual socioeconomic status, particularly education and income levels (Meeks & Murrell, 2001). The relationship between education and subjective well-being has been demonstrated over and over again. Meeks and Murrell (2001) found that education has a direct impact on the adverse effects, health and satisfaction with life has taken. Their research concluded that the levels of higher education are associated withminor negative impact is linked to better health and higher life satisfaction (Meeks & Murrell, 2001). This may be due to the fact that "people with higher education degrees benefit from the opportunities and resources in education to produce the accumulated experience of success and ability to contribute more to life after" (Meeks & Murrell, 2001) . It 'also possible that people with higher education levels to develop superior methods for the problemSolution and manage change. levels of higher education have shown that individuals with better job opportunities and social status in adulthood and greater financial stability during the transition into retirement. Sets 2001 as the educational level of those basis for successful aging (Meeks & Murrell,).
material wealth and income have shown that having a direct, subjective well-being (Andrews, 1986). For many, the feeling of wellbeingis realized with their emotions adequate income, as they move into retirement. Many people face retirement with great concern due to lack of enough savings to replace their income. The reality of life on a small fixed income limits lifestyle and the ability to take account of changes late adulthood medical necessity for many seniors. People with more money in retirement have access to a wider variety of structures and activities (Jurgmeen & Moen,2002). Furthermore, access to additional income allowing more leisure and less stress from financial worries. This idea that the prosperity and welfare are linked, is also supported by a micro-economic theory which states that would increase the income of the company, if all else constant, to achieve greater well-being (Easterlin & Christine, 1999).
It should be noted, however, important that the increase in individual income relating to changesown reference group (Lian & Fairchild, 1979). income growth is a relative. In other words, if an individual in the economic condition of the profits exceed the profits of the group, then the individual probability of a greater sense of satisfaction. On the other hand, if their profits are equal to the average of their reference group is likely to change. If the increases are lower than the control group the result is to be less satisfied.Therefore it may be important for many older adults in transition to retirement, have adequate savings or other income in order to maintain or exceed their current financial status.
The relationship between education and income for successful aging is a complex that includes numerous external variables. But it seems that there is no conclusive evidence that education and income level, to an individual for the changes you face in old age and help to influence the preparationtheir ability to view aging as an opportunity for growth as an experience of loss of social conflict "(Steveink, Westerhof, Bode, et al, 2001).
A major problem is how well people age, the capacity to develop and maintain close relationships and social systems (Rowe and Kahn, 1998) are associated. It is also worth mentioning that the loneliness, or a lack of social interaction, is considered an important risk factor for health (Unger, McAvay, Bruce, etal, 1999). Recent studies suggest that the impact of social ties to the risk of physical decline in older people than in men than in women. These studies also report that there is a strong link between social support, social networks, the risk of cardiovascular and all causes of mortality in men (Berkman, Seeman, Albert, et al, 1993).
This gender difference may be due to the fact that women are said to devote a larger part of their lives building maintenance and developmentFriendships, so I'm more used to the construction and use of social networks. As men, however, have devoted much of their lives, their careers, so who did not develop skills for social networks or those networks that use that most women (Unger, McAvay, Bruce, et al , 1999). Moreover, social ties seem more important among older people with minor physical abilities (Unger, McAvay, Bruce, et al, 1999). It seems that people with physical disabilitiesDisabilities to support an increased need for friendships and networks in order to induce them to cope with the limitations of their conditions to help develop. Friends and family offer a tool to continue to participate in social activities and complete the tasks of daily life They can not really Possibly. This provides support for the belief that creating a strong social network can increase not only life but also quantity.
SocialRelationships and social support serve as protective factors in many respects (Bovbjerg & McCann et al, 1995) (Krause & Borawski-Clarke, 1994). Enjoy individuals improve self-esteem by providing encouragement and promotion of healthy behaviors. It 'also possible that social networks may be more material assistance such as food, clothing and transport. This type of service allows an older person to remain socially active, although they may not havethe means to do it yourself. It 'also important to distinguish the difference between support and assistance they receive from friends or relatives to Help Agency in contrast.
Perhaps the most important source of social support comes from the family, the mechanisms of self-system that enhance an individual's subjective sense of satisfaction with life. In addition, families provide a support system and interaction that may not be available from other sourcessome older people. can prevent these types of networks, the degree of social isolation in old age is associated with depression and other mental health problems (Krause, 1991).
With all the physical and psychological changes that people will in later adulthood, declines in vision, hearing, memory, etc., the ability to adapt to the circumstances which force the elderly to move from a different lifestyle is an integral component of successful aging (Warnick,1995). Just maintain the ability to cope with daily tasks of life is not necessarily a successful aging. Successful aging requires maintenance of skills, cognitive, personality, physical and social resources (Baltes & Lang, 1993). Adapting to these changes requires the use of flexible strategies to optimize personal functioning (Baltes and Baltes, 1990).
The strategies used to cope with the changes that accompany agingProcess can not only the ability of individuals to use a new strategy to be limited, such as learning sign language or walk with a cane, but also by their perception of their ability to do so. Many older people will avoid using new tools to adapt to changes if they believe that they are unwilling to make such an adjustment (Slagen-Dekort, 2001).
Self-efficacy is defined as "people pronounce their ability to organize and execute courses of action necessary toattain designated types of performances "(Bandura, 1986). People who are in their ability to set higher goals and expect for themselves, they are able to achieve these goals I think. self-efficacy was found, the strategies adaptation of older adults used influence (Long-Dekort, 1999).
There are two orders beyond the perception of self-efficacy, the impact on individuals ability to cope with this flexibility, and toughness (Long-Dekort, 1999) are. Persistence is defined byIndividuals with a tenacity which remain able to focus on their objectives, given the obstacles. Flexibility refers to those skills, goals, adapting to new result of new information. The search for Long-Dekort et al (1999) concludes that self-referent beliefs about the influence of personal competence adaptive behavior and choice of adaptation strategies. "The immediate effect is stronger, which means that even if a person is considered to be some adjustment of optimumThis adjustment can not be accepted if the person feels that go beyond the effort of his personal competence. In this case, a less optimal alternative strategy is adopted. "(Maddox & Douglas, 1973).
Given the enormous number of variables in determining how individual and age, it is impossible, are involved in a factor as the main point. But it is safe to say that these powers must be determined in age successfullyInfluenced by their attitude toward aging and older. These positive attitudes and negative effect is the result of an individual is capable of physical, psychological and social changes, which takes over the adult life adaptation. If someone can accept changes in life and look forward to the challenges facing the change with the hope and desire, then they are better prepared to face old age. Moreover, relations and beliefsdeveloped depends on the life in old age will be a resource for support and assistance in dealing with the application. After examining the research on successful aging, it seems that many of the concepts are applied to earlier stages of development are important in old age.
For example, adaptation to change, personal growth, and cognitive function will be equally important aspects of development that can be aged as they are the child's development. In summary, it seems thatPresent and future of aging research are used for medical and psychological interventions have a positive experience of aging and wellness are developed to offer older.
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